taler-docs

078-taxes.rst (12505B)

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 DD 78: Taxes
 ############
 
 Summary
 =======
 
 We've received various requests for the merchant backend to provide
 transaction reports for accountants. While not always stated explicitly, we
 believe this is largely also related to tax reporting. This document explains
 the plan for how we intend to deal with periodic reporting.
 
 Motivation
 ==========
 
 Making tax-reporting easy for merchants will lower the barrier for them to
 adopt GNU Taler.  Furthermore, customers will often require receipts which
 state the specific tax amounts that were paid, so including tax information in
 digital receipts (and thus the Taler contracts) is important.  The current
 situation where taxes are specified per-product is not great, as a merchant
 would have to update all products if a tax-percentage were to change, and also
 has to re-calculate the tax every time a product price changes.
 
 
 Requirements
 ============
 
 * Deal with the complexity of tax calculations across different jurisdictions.
   Sure, we may not cover all cases globally, but we should at least cover the
   most common scenarios.  This likely includes different ways how taxes
   should be computed in terms of rounding, and computing taxes given
   prices in gross or net amounts.
 * Make it as easy as possible for the merchant to manage taxes.  If possible,
   have some backend-wide defaults so that merchants do not have to enter
   common taxes that apply across the currency domain.
 * Ensure customers get correct tax receipts as part of their contracts.
 * Incorporate the tax data when informing the merchant about their transaction
   history, including showing which taxes applied to which purchases so that
   merchants can easily account for applicable taxes.
 * Treat *donations* and *gifts* as a special-cases as again special tax
   rules likely apply.
 * A single product may have multiple applicable taxes (say VAT and luxury
   tax).
 * A single order may contain multiple products (some with known tax
   rules and others without) and thus a mix of applicable taxes.
 * A merchant may need to override or adapt the tax details for each
   order, for example because reverse VAT rules may shift the responsibility
   to pay taxes to the buyer.
 
 
 Proposed Solution
 =================
 
 We borrow ideas from ERPnext.
 
 Phase 1: Products groups
 ------------------------
 
 This is inspired by ERPnext's "item groups".
 
 A **product group** allows multiple products to be treated in the
 same way for accounting and tax purposes, avoiding the need to
 configure each product individually.
 
 There can only be one group per product, all products that are not explicitly
 in a group should be in some ``__default__`` group that always exists. The
 product groups will be used for sales statistics (revenue per group) and will
 be the basis for associating taxes with products in the next phase(s).
 
 Unlike categories, product group membership is mutually exclusive and not used
 for the point-of-sale app display. Re-using categories would confuse a feature
 for taxes/accounting with a feature for user-interfaces of sales people.
 
 * Add a ``product_group`` table with:
 
      (0) product group serial number
      (1) instance ID (foreign key)
      (2) product group name (unique with instance ID)
      (3) product group description
 
 * Expand ``inventory_products`` table with:
 
      (1) product group serial number (foreign key), allow NULL for default
      (2) price_is_net boolean flag to indicate if the given price is the net
          price and all taxes should be added on top of it, or if it is a
          fixed retail price and the merchant covers all applicable taxes,
          at the expense of profits if taxes vary (for example, to preserve
          the price structure even if taxes vary between dine-in and take-out).
 
 
 Phase 2: Money pots
 -------------------
 
 This is inspired by ERPnext's "accounts".
 
 A **money pot** allow users aggregate amounts over time periods for accounting.
 
 Money pots can be for different types of taxes, but also for tips or to
 separate out different kinds of internal accounts as well as fees paid to the
 exchange.
 
 When an order is created, the total amount paid by the customer will be split
 into the various money pots based on rules that can be given per product,
 product group or taxes, and also later overriden explicitly in the contract
 terms.
 
 The increments to the various pots will also be shown in the various accounting
 statistics.
 
 * Add a ``money_pot`` table with:
 
      (0) money pot serial number
      (1) instance ID (foreign key)
      (2) money pot name (unique with instance ID)
      (3) money pot description
      (4) money pot total amount
 
 * Code should update statistics whenever the money pot
   total amount is incremented.
 
 
 
 Phase 3: Tax Class
 ------------------
 
 This is inspired by ERPnext's "item tax templates".
 
 A **tax class** specifies a possible tax and how it is to be calculated for a
 given product or order.
 
 * Add a ``tax_class`` table with:
 
     (0) tax class serial number
     (1) instance ID (foreign key)
     (2) tax class name (unique with instance ID)
     (3) tax rate (percentage), for taxes charged per value
     (4) charge amount (multiplied with quantity of the product,
         for example for tourist overnight tax per night,
         for taxes charged per unit and not per value)
     (5) tax description
     (6) i18n description
     (7) calculation mode (net total, cummulative)
     (8) rounding mode (up, down, nearest)
     (9) rounding unit (amount)
     (10) money pot (where to accumulate taxes paid under this tax class).
          to track known tax rules.
          Unique should be "instance+tax class name".
 
 * When "rounding up" is used, round up from net to gross, but round
   down from gross to net. Similarly, when "rounding down" is used,
   round down from net to gross, but round up from gross to net.
   Finally, "round-to-nearest" implies rounding in the same way for
   both conversion directions, and rounding up from the exact
   mid-point between multiples of the rounding unit.
 
 * When cummulative calculation is used, the order in which tax classes
   are applied starts to matter. This will become important when defining
   tax rules later.
 
 * Orders can specify that a particular tax class and amount is to
   be applied to specific products or to the entire order,
   but not both. In this case, the backend adds the exact
   amounts to the contract terms and the respective pot-statistics.
 
 * Orders can specify that only a particular tax class is to be applied
   to a product or the entire order, but without giving the tax amount.
   In this case, the backend computes the applicable
   tax and adds the exact amounts to the contract terms and the
   respective pot-statistics. It is also possible that for some products
   in the order the frontend calculated the exact amount, while for
   others the calculation is left to the backend.
 
 * When generating the contract terms, append the tax class details
   of applicable taxes (rates, descriptions) from the database
   to the contract.
 
 * Allow the client to define and use additional custom tax classes
   per order.
 
 * Add new configuration sections "[taxes-$ID]" that specify common tax
   classes (name and description as string) and rates (floating point)
   and per-quantity charges (amount) with calculation and rounding mode
   that should be automatically provided to all instances. When creating
   a new instance, populate the tax class table with these values.  Add a
   command-line tool to add all configured taxes to all existing
   instances (for example, to update default taxes for the next year).
 
 * When an order is paid, make sure to add the tax totals to each
   of the money pots.
 
 * For tipping, specifying a "tax" ``tip-$STAFF`` with a custom amount can
   thus be easily assigned to the tip money pot of ``$STAFF``.
 
 Phase 4: Tax Rules
 ------------------
 
 This is inspired by ERPnext's "tax rules".
 
 A **tax rule** specifies whether a tax class applies to a particular
 product, group of products, or order.
 
 * There should be an optional ``__fallback__`` tax rule that is applied to all
   orders and products that do not match a specific rule.
 
 * Except for the ``__fallback__`` tax rule, it is possible that multiple
   tax rules apply, in which case they *all* apply at the same time.
   Only the "fallback" rule only applies if no other rules apply.
 
 * Add a table "tax_rules" with
 
   (0) tax rule serial number
   (1) instance ID (foreign key)
   (2) tax rule name (unique with instance ID), ``__fallback__`` is reserved
       for the fallback rule
   (3) tax class serial number (foreign key)
   (4) filter: array of product group serial IDs, NULL for all, [] for none
   (5) filter: array of product ID serial IDs, NULL for all, [] for none
   (6) filter: total_only (boolean), true if the tax rule only applies to the
       final total of the order, and not individual products; if total_only
       is true, then the product and product group arrays MUST both be empty
 
   In the future, we *may* want to expand this to add per-order filters,
   like on the shipping address; however, for now we will limit the
   filters to make this more implementable.
 
 * Orders can specify an *array* of tax rules (by tax rule name)
   to apply to each product or the entire order (depending on the
   filter of the tax rule). In this case, the tax rules are applied
   in the sequence specified in the array to compute which
   tax classes to apply to each product or the entire order.
   Tax rules must not be specified when an order already specifies
   a tax class for the entire order.
 
 * However, it is possible to specify tax classes for some products
   and then tax rules would still apply for other products
   or the entire order. But if a product in the order is specified
   as having an explicit tax class, the order-wide product-specific
   tax rules will no longer apply to it.  Order-wide tax rules
   on the order total would still be applied.
 
 * If a tax rule is specified for an order but it does not
   apply to the order or a product in it, the rule is simply
   ignored.
 
 
 
 Phase 5: Tax Regimes
 --------------------
 
 This is inspired by ERPnext's "tax categories".
 
 A **tax regime** determines which set of tax rules to apply in
 which order (with cummulative taxes, the order may matter).
 The idea here is that for some customers or transactions completely
 different sets of rules may apply, but still the sets of rules
 are frequently the same.
 
 * There should be a "default" tax regime that is applied to all
   orders where the client did not specify a tax regime.
   Basically, not specified implies ``__default__``. However, if
   a default tax regime is not configured, this is not an error
   and simply no taxes are applied.
 
 * Add a table "tax_regime" with
 
   (0) tax regime serial number
   (1) instance ID (foreign key)
   (2) tax regime name (unique with instance ID), ``__default__`` is reserved
       for the default regime
   (3) array of applicable tax rules
 
 * Orders can specify a tax regime instead of an array of
   tax rules. In this case, the array of tax rules is simply
   obtained from the tax regime.
 
 * Orders that specify a tax regime must not also specify an
   array of tax rules.
 
 
 Test Plan
 =========
 
 * Unit tests for the rounding functions.
 * Shell-script tests for the CRUD API on taxes and automatic
   import of tax classes from the configuration.
 * Shell-script tests to check tax calculations in created orders
   and to test statistics on taxes paid.
 * Manual tests for SPA.
 * Manual tests on PDF report generation.
 * Manual tests on rendering taxes in wallets.
 
 
 Definition of Done
 ==================
 
 * Specification updated
 * Database updated
 * Merchant backend updated:
 
   * CRUD API for tax definitions
   * INI-based tax class importer
   * CRUD API update for product management
   * Order creation update
   * Statistics update on order paid
 
 * Merchant backend SPA updated:
 
   * CRUD for tax class definitions
   * CRUD for associating tax classes with products
   * Order creation with tax-class override (at least for the entire order,
     not necessarily per-product)
   * Statistics page rendering tax statistics
 
 * Wallets updated to render taxes (upon request, in detailed view
   on payment or from order history)
 
 
 Alternatives
 ============
 
 Communism? Crypto-anarchy?
 
 
 Drawbacks
 =========
 
 * Quite a bit of extra complexity
 
 
 Discussion / Q&A
 ================
 
 (This should be filled in with results from discussions on mailing lists / personal communication.)