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  <h2>{{ _("Tutorial: GNUnet on macOS 10.14 (Mojave)") }}</h2>

  <h3>{{ _("Introduction") }}</h3>

  <p>
    Welcome to the hopefully painless GNUnet tutorial for macOS Mojave! It provides
    concrete instructions on how to compile, install and configure a current
    version of GNUnet. The goal is to support newcomers, either end users or
    developers, who want to get in touch with GNUnet for the first time. After
    installing GNUnet we will make sure that out new GNUnet installation is working
    correctly.
  </p>

  <h3>{{ _("Requirements") }}</h3>

  <p>
    First, install <a href="https://brew.sh">homebrew</a> and <a href="https://developer.apple.com/xcode/">XCode</a>.
    Then install the following packages:
  </p>

  <code>
    $ sudo brew install git autoconf automake glpk gettext gnutls jansson libextractor libgcrypt libffi libidn2 libmicrohttpd libmpc libtool libunistring pkg-config unbound
  </code>

  <h3>{{ _("Make an installation directory") }}</h3>

  <p>
    Next we create a directory in our home directory where we store
    the source code later. We should keep this directory after
    installation because it contains Makefiles that can be used for
    uninstalling GNUnet again (see chapter *Uninstall GNUnet and its
    dependencies*).
  </p>

  <code>
    $ mkdir ~/gnunet
  </code>

  <h3>{{ _("Get the source code") }}</h3>

  <code>
    $ cd ~<br>
    $ git clone --depth 1 https://gnunet.org/git/gnunet.git gnunet_src<br>
  </code>
  <p>
    In order to have a gnutls with DANE support, you need to edit the formula:
  </p>
  <code>
  $ brew edit gnutls
  </code>
  <p>
    Add the line "depends_on 'unbound'" to the dependencies in the formula.
    Then in the install function before the configure add:
  </p>
  <code>
    ENV['CFLAGS']='-I/usr/local/Cellar/unbound/1.9.0/include'<br/>
    ENV['LDFLAGS']='-L/usr/local/Cellar/unbound/1.9.0/lib'
  </code>
  <p>
    Reinstall gnutls from source:
  </p>
  <code>
    $ brew reinstall -s gnutls
  </code>

  <h3>{{ _("Compile and Install") }}</h3>


  <p>
    We have two options:
    installing a *production version* and installing a *development version*. If
    you want to start writing GNUnet applications or join the GNUnet development
    choose the development version (it will print more debug output and contains
    debug symbols that can be displayed with a debugger). Otherwise choose the
    production version.
  </p>
  
  <h4>{{ _("Option 1: GNUnet for production / usage") }}</h4>

  <code>
  $ cd ~/gnunet_src<br>
  $ ./bootstrap<br>
  $ export GNUNET_PREFIX=~/gnunet<br>
  $ ./configure --prefix=$GNUNET_PREFIX --disable-documentation<br>
  </code>
  <p>
  You might see configure failing telling you that it ``cannot run C compiled programs.''.
  In this case, you might need to open/run Xcode once and you will be prompted to
  install additonal packages.
  Then, you might have to manually install the command line tools from here https://developer.apple.com/download/more/ (you need an Apple ID for this).
  Install those and execute
  </p>
  <code>
  $ open /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Packages/macOS_SDK_headers_for_macOS_10.14.pkg
  </code>
  <p>
    After configure passes, you need to add a 'gnunetdns' group using the macOS system preferences.
  Further, you need to add a user 'gnunet'. Then:
  </p>
  <code>
  $ make<br>
  $ sudo make install
  </code>

  <h4>{{ _("Option 2: GNUnet for development") }}</h4>

  <p>
  Perform the same steps as for Option 1, but add the configure flat '--enable-experimental'
  </p>
  <!--
  <h4>{{ _("Install GNUnet plugin for name resolution") }}</h4>
  <p>
  So now it gets a bit nasty. It's not so bad. All we have to do
  is copy a file and edit another one. The file we need to copy
  is GNUnet's plugin for the Name Service Switch (NSS) in unix
  systems. Different unixes expect it in different locations and
  GNUnet's build system does not try to guess. On Debian 9 we
  have to do
  <code>
  $ sudo cp /usr/lib/gnunet/nss/libnss_gns.so.2 /lib/$(uname -m)-linux-gnu/
  </code>
  </p>

  <p>
  Congratulations! GNUnet is now installed! Before we start it we
  need to create a configuration file. By default GNUnet looks in
  our home directory for the file `~/.gnunet/gnunet.conf`. We can
  start with an empty file for now:
  </p>

  <code>
  $ touch ~/.config/gnunet.conf
  </code>

  <p>
  Now we can start it with the command line tool
  `gnunet-arm` (Automatic Restart Manager).
  </p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-arm -s
  </code>

  <p>
  It starts the default GNUnet services. We can list them with the
  `-I` option:
  </p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-arm -I<br>
  Running services:<br>
  ats (gnunet-service-ats)<br>
  revocation (gnunet-service-revocation)<br>
  set (gnunet-service-set)<br>
  nat (gnunet-service-nat)<br>
  transport (gnunet-service-transport)<br>
  peerstore (gnunet-service-peerstore)<br>
  hostlist (gnunet-daemon-hostlist)<br>
  identity (gnunet-service-identity)<br>
  namecache (gnunet-service-namecache)<br>
  peerinfo (gnunet-service-peerinfo)<br>
  datastore (gnunet-service-datastore)<br>
  zonemaster (gnunet-service-zonemaster)<br>
  zonemaster-monitor (gnunet-service-zonemaster-monitor)<br>
  nse (gnunet-service-nse)<br>
  cadet (gnunet-service-cadet)<br>
  dht (gnunet-service-dht)<br>
  core (gnunet-service-core)<br>
  gns (gnunet-service-gns)<br>
  statistics (gnunet-service-statistics)<br>
  topology (gnunet-daemon-topology)<br>
  fs (gnunet-service-fs)<br>
namestore (gnunet-service-namestore)<br>
vpn (gnunet-service-vpn)
  </code>

  <p>
  For stopping GNUnet again we can use the `-e` option.
  </p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-arm -e
  </code>


  <h3>{{ _("Make sure it works") }}</h3>

  <p>
  Let's try out some of GNUnet's use cases. Some should be done
  before others:
  </p>

  <ul>
  <li>filesharing</li>
  <li>A simple chat using CADET</li>
  <li>Name resolution using GNS on the command line</li>
  <li>Name resolution using GNS with a browser (do it on the command line first)</li>
  <li>Serving a website using VPN (do name resolution with a browser first)</li>
  </ul>

  <h4>{{ _("filesharing") }}</h4>

  <p>
  Let's publish a file in the GNUnet filesharing network. We use the keywords
  ("commons" and "state") so other people will be able to search for the file.
  </p>

  <p>
  We can choose any file and describe it with meaningful keywords (using the
                                                                   `-k` command line option).
  </p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-publish -k commons -k state ostrom.pdf<br>
  Publishing `/home/myself/ostrom.pdf' done.<br>
  URI is `gnunet://fs/chk/M57SXDJ72EWS25CT6307KKJ8K0GCNSPTAZ649NA1NS10MJB4A1GZ9EN4Y02KST9VA5BHE8B335RPXQVBWVZ587Y83WQ7J3DHMBX30Q8.DHNGBN4CB2DBX1QRZ1R0B1Q18WTEAK4R94S9D57C9JMJJ3H7SSQDCV4D1218C4S2VP085AMQQSMG18FCP6NQMZQZJ91XR5NBX7YF0V0.42197237'.
  </code>


  <p>Finding the file by keyword works with `gnunet-search`.</p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-search commons<br>
#1:<br>
  gnunet-download -o "ostrom.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/M57SXDJ72EWS25CT6307KKJ8K0GCNSPTAZ649NA1NS10MJB4A1GZ9EN4Y02KST9VA5BHE8B335RPXQVBWVZ587Y83WQ7J3DHMBX30Q8.DHNGBN4CB2DBX1QRZ1R0B1Q18WTEAK4R94S9D57C9JMJJ3H7SSQDCV4D1218C4S2VP085AMQQSMG18FCP6NQMZQZJ91XR5NBX7YF0V0.42197237
  </code>

  <p>
  It gives us the command line call to download the file (and store it as
                                                          ostrom.pdf)!
  </p>

  <h4>{{ _("CADET (and Chat)") }}</h4>

  <p>
  We can use the `gnunet-cadet` command line tool to open a port and from
  another machine connect to this port and chat or transfer data. First we need
  our *peer ID* of the GNUnet peer opening the port.
  </p>

  <code>
  $ gnunet-peerinfo -s<br>
  I am peer `P4T5GHS1PCZ06R82D3KW8Z8J1113BQZWAWGYHTZ8G1ZXMWXQGAVG'.
  </code>


  <p>
  Now we open the port (it can be any string!):
    </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-cadet -o my-secret-port
      </code>

      <p>
      On the other machine we can connect using the peer ID and the port
      and start chatting!
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-cadet P4T5GHS1PCZ06R82D3KW8Z8J1113BQZWAWGYHTZ8G1ZXMWXQGAVG my-secret-port
      </code>

      <h4>{{ _("Name resolution using GNS on the command line") }}</h4>

      <p>
      GNS is the GNU name service, a fully decentralized alternatice to
      DNS. We'll publish an IP address in a GNS record try to resolve it
      on the command line. First we need an identity which is the
      equivalent to a zone in DNS. We'll call it "myself" and create it
      using the `gnunet-identity` command line tool. Instead of "myself"
      you can surely use your nick or any other name.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-identity -C myself
      </code>

      <p>
      We can check if it worked using the same tool. We expect the name
      of our identity and the corresponding public key to be
      displayed.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-identity -d<br>
      myself - HWTYD3P5D77JVFNVMZ1M5T10V4SZYNMY3PCGQCSVENKD6ZCRKPMG
      </code>

      <p>
      Now we add a public `A` record to our zone. It has the name "ccc", a value
      of "195.54.164.39" and it expires after one day.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-namestore -z myself -a -e "1 d" -p -t A -n ccc -V 195.54.164.39
      </code>

      <p>
      Now we can query that record using the command line tool `gnunet-gns`.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-gns -t A -u ccc.myself<br>
      ccc.myself:<br>
      Got `A' record: 195.54.164.39
      </code>

      <p>
      So it worked! But only resolving our own records is boring. So we
      can give our identity (the public key of it to be precise) to
      someone else so they can try to resolve our records, too. The
      other person (Bob) has to add it to his namestore like this:
      <p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-namestore -z myself -a -e never -p -t PKEY -n alice -V HWTYD3P5D77JVFNVMZ1M5T10V4SZYNMY3PCGQCSVENKD6ZCRKPMG
      </code>

      <p>
      Our identity in Bobs namestore is a public record (-p) and never
      expires (-e never). Now Bob (let's assume he has called his identity
                                   myself, too) should be able to resolve our "ccc" record, too!
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-gns -t A -u ccc.alice.myself<br>
      ccc.alice.myself:<br>
      Got `A' record: 195.54.164.39
      </code>

      <p>
      It can continue like this. A friend of Bob would be able to
      resolve our records too because Bob published our identity in a
      public record. Bobs friend would simply use "ccc.alice.bob.myself"
      to resolve our "ccc" record.
      </p>


      <h4>{{ _("Name resolution using GNS with a browser") }}</h4>

      <p>
      In the previous use case "Name resolution using GNS on the
      command line" we got an idea about what GNS is about, but now
      let's use it with a browser, to make it actually useful. Currently
      Firefox and Chromium are known to work.
      </p>

      <p>
      Many websites enforce HTTPS and thus provide certificates for
      their hostnames (and not our GNS names). Browsers don't like wrong
      hostnames in certificates and will present error messages. So
      GNUnet has to trick them by generating own certificates for our
      GNS names. This means we need to create our own certificate
      authority and tell our browser about it. Luckily there's a script
      for it:
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-gns-proxy-setup-ca 
      </code>

      <p>
      After executing this script the Browser has to be restarted.
      </p>

      <p>
      GNUnet provides a proxy service (gnunet-gns-proxy) that the
      browser can send DNS and HTTP traffic to. It will try to resolve
      names with GNS first and forward the rest of the DNS traffic to
      the system's DNS resolver. It will also take care of the HTTP
      traffic, so the browser gets valid certificates and the web server
      will not be confused by our GNS hostnames. Our GNS namestore
      doesn't know about any DNS hostnames yet, so we have to store
      them, too. For our "ccc" A record, we have to store a LEHO (legacy
                                                                  hostname) record, too. It must contain the website's original DNS
      hostname:
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-namestore -z myself -a -e "1 d" -p -t LEHO -n ccc -V www.ccc.de
      </code>

      <p>
      Now let's start gnunet-gns-proxy.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ /usr/lib/gnunet/libexec/gnunet-gns-proxy
      </code>

      <p>
      Our browser has to be configured so it uses our proxy. In Firefox
      we have to set these options under "about:config":
      </p>

      <code>
      network.proxy.socks:            localhost<br>
      network.proxy.socks_port:       7777<br>
      network.proxy.socks_remote_dns  true<br>
      network.proxy.type:             1
      </code>

      <p>
      To tell Chromium to use the proxy, it has to be started with the
      "--proxy-server" command line option:
      </p>

      <code>
      $ chromium --proxy-server="socks5://127.0.0.1:7777"
      </code>

      <p>
      Now we should be able to resolve our GNS names in the browser! We
      just have to type "https://ccc.myself" into the address bar. If
      our friend Bob prepared his system, too, he can resolve our record
      by typing "ccc.alice.myself".
      </p>


      <h4>{{ _("VPN") }}</h4>

      <p>
      TBD
      </p>

      <h3>{{ _("Uninstall GNUnet and its dependencies") }}</h3>

      <code>
      $ cd ~/gnunet_installation/gnunet<br>
      $ sudo make uninstall<br>
      $ cd ~/gnunet_installation/libmicrohttpd<br>
      $ sudo make uninstall<br>
      $ sudo apt remove git libtool autoconf autopoint build-essential libgcrypt-dev libidn11-dev zlib1g-dev libunistring-dev libglpk-dev miniupnpc libextractor-dev libjansson-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libsqlite3-dev<br>
      $ sudo apt autoremove<br>
      $ sudo userdel -r gnunet<br>
      $ sudo groupdel gnunet<br>
      $ sudo groupdel gnunetdns<br>
      $ sudo mv /etc/nsswitch.conf.original /etc/nsswitch.conf<br>
      $ sudo rm /lib/$(uname -m)-linux-gnu/libnss_gns.so.2
      </code>

      <h3>{{ _("Appendix A: Optional GNUnet features") }}</h3>

      <p>
      TBD
      </p>

      <h3>{{ _("Troubleshooting") }}</h3>

      <h4>{{ _("You can't reach other people's nodes") }}</h4>

      <p>
      Should our computer not have reached the open GNUnet network automatically,
      we can manually instruct our node how to reach the nodes of our friends. This
      works by exchanging HELLO strings. This is how we get a hello string for our
      computer.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ gnunet-peerinfo -gn
      </code>

      <p>
      We can now pass this string to our friends "out of band" (using
                                                                whatever existing chat or messaging technology). If the string
      contains some private IP networks we don't want to share, we can
      carefully edit them out.
      </p>

      <p>
      Once we receive such strings from our friends, we can add them
      like this:
      </p>

      <code>
      gnunet-peerinfo -p <string>
      </code>


      <p>
      Now our GNUnet nodes can attempt reaching each other directly. This may
      still fail due to NAT traversal issues.
      </p>


      <!--
      <h4>{{ _("OMG you guys broke my internet") }}</h4>

      <p>
      We can replace `/etc/nsswitch.conf` with the backup we made earlier
      (`/etc/nsswitch.conf.original`). Now DNS resolution should work again without a
      running GNUnet.
      </p>

      <code>
      $ cp /etc/nsswitch.conf.original /etc/nsswitch.conf
      </code>
      -->

      </div>
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